NEW ASSIGNMENT SOLUTION 2016-17

                                                                 2016-17


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SCQ: Write short notes on any two in about 100 words each:

SCQ: Write short notes on any two in about 100 words each:


13. (ii) Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, extending the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on premise that global warming exists and man-made CO2 emissions have caused it.
Developed countries are responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a burden on developed nations under principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities."
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for implementation of Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred as the "Marrakesh Accords." Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.

(iii) Social Structure

Social Structure is a patterned set of rules. The term has been used by several social scientists in various ways , because of its various interpretations the concept of social structure can sometimes be confusing and difficult to grasp . Social Structure does not refer to a concrete reality like a building frame, for example , it is a frame nevertheless , a pattern of inter-relationships that have been found enduring and long –lasting .

Social Structure is a set of rules which are made by human being that are liable to change in the long run. In order to say that a structure exists, it must persist over time. Although change is always possible, small groups and larger organisations do not change easily. Thus structure do not change over time, despite their enduring character. Social Structure reflect some dimensions of interaction such as power, economic resources, prestige, value, etc.

MCQ: Answer any four questions in about 250 words each.

5. What do you understand by the term 'revolutionary terrorism'? Discuss.

Revolutionary terror (also referred to as Revolutionary terrorism, or a reign of terror)refers to the institutionalized application of force to counterrevolutionaries, particularly during the French Revolution from the years 1793 to 1794. The term Communist terrorism has also been used to describe the revolutionary terror, from the Red Terror in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) to the reign of the Khmer Rouge, and others.

If estab­lishment terrorism follows a top-down model, then revolutionary terrorism is the bottom-up version (though it's sometimes sponsored by foreign states). The two models often share a codependent relationship, with a repressive government using terror to combat terrorist forces, each fanning the other's fires. For instance, the Roman Empire and the rebellious Jewish Sicarii waged wars of terror against each other during the first century A.D. over occupied Judea.

Just as establishment terrorism often arises when more lenient forms of keeping law and order fail, so too does revolutionary terrorism become an option when a military victory isn't possible. Rebellion can take different forms. On one extreme, you can field an army against a dominant government if you have the resources. If you're outmatched, however, other methods are available.

Revolutionary terrorism is arguably the most common form. Practitioners of this type of terrorism seek the complete abolition of a political system and its replacement with new structures. Modern instances of such activity include campaigns by the Italian Red Brigades, the German Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Gang), the Basque separatist group ETA, and the Peruvian Shining Path .

6. What do you understand by the term 'renaissance'? Briefly discuss.

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term.

 As a cultural movement, it encompassed flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. 

The Renaissance being bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is best known for its artistic developments and contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".

The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and there has been much debate among historians as to the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation. A question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for the classical age, while others have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras. Indeed, some have called as a product of presentism – the use of history to validate and glorify modern ideals. The word Renaissance has also been used to describe other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.

7. What does globalisation mean for the Indian economy? Comment.

The term globalization refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge. Ideally, it also contains free inter-country movement of labour. In context to India, this implies opening up the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economic activity in India, removing constraints and obstacles to the entry of MNCs in India, allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaborations and also encouraging them to set up joint ventures abroad.

Indian economy had experienced major policy changes in early 1990s. The new economic reform, popularly known as, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG model) aimed at making the Indian economy as fastest growing economy and globally competitive. The series of reforms undertaken with respect to industrial sector, trade as well as financial sector aimed at making the economy more efficient. 

With the onset of reforms to liberalize the Indian economy in July of 1991, a new chapter has dawned for India and her billion plus population. This period of economic transition has had a tremendous impact on the overall economic development of almost all major sectors of the economy, and its effects over the last decade can hardly be overlooked. Besides, it also marks the advent of the real integration of the Indian economy into the global economy.

Now India is in the process of restructuring her economy, with aspirations of elevating herself from her present desolate position in the world, the need to speed up her economic development is even more imperative and having witnessed the positive role that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played in the rapid economic growth of most of the Southeast Asian countries. 

DCQ: Answer any two in about 500 words each.

DCQ: Answer any two in about 500 words each.

1. Discuss the salient features of the post-industrial society.

Some of the features of the post-industrial society:

       I.            People work with other people to deliver a service:

In the post-industrialism, the workers do not work upon things; they work with other people to deliver a service. This provides a more rewarding and interesting form of work.

    II.            Transformation of working class to professional middle class:

The post-industrialism creates a new professional class in place of labour class. In new society, the working class does not exist.

 III.            Emergence of knowledge elites:

The emphasis in post-industrial society is on knowledge as the source of societal change.

 IV.            Growth of multiple networks:

In the post-industrial society there are combined advances in communication technologies, systems of management and technologies of production. As a result of this, there is growth of multiple networks between corporations.

    V.            Divide in society:

The debate on the future state of post-industrial society also deals with the problem of the structure of such a society.
There appeared a vast change in the kinds of work: the occupational structure witnessed professional change and manual labour gave way to service class sector.

 VI.            Majority sell labour at cheap rates:

Gorz elaborating his thesis of unemployment in post-industrial society says that the knowledge society remains restricted to professional class only. The labour in this situation remains out of employment.

VII.            Post-industrial turn: Towards social and economic polarization:

There has indeed been a shift away from industrialism. In broad terms, this movement can be identified with a shift in the balance of the western economies from a manufacturing to a service base, primarily in terms of employment, although it is often extended to include the output of an economy.

VIII.            Knowledge and information:

There are disagreements on the social and economic forms of coming society, i.e., industrial society, but for one thing there is certainty. Knowledge and information, are the prime features of this society.

 IX.            Sharp gender division:

Normally, the labour force during industrialism consisted of males who worked manually. But, with the coming of micro-electronics and information technologies, there appeared gender inequality in the professional class. In post-industrialism, the women outnumber the male technocrats.

New character of modern economy: Globalization:
All those who have written on postmodern society, have shown their concern for the new economy. They argue that there has appeared a decisive change in the earlier industrial economy. They characterize the new economy by the name of globalization. In other words, the postmodern society is heading towards global society.
Globalization is one of the most visible consequences of post-industrial society.

Interaction between the informational mode of development and the restructuring of capitalism:
The coming up of post-industrial society has brought out tremendous change in the capital formation.
Lionel Stoleru made a characteristic observation on postmodern industrialism:
A wave of technological advances has rendered a whole series of jobs unnecessary and reduced employment on a huge scale without creating an equivalent number of jobs elsewhere. Such a process of production reshapes the whole economy and gives a boost to the development of economy. The post-industrialism thus means rise of capitalism. This rise is basically related to informational mode of development.
Components of capitalism in post-industrialism are:

·         Information technologies,

·         Organizational mode of development.

These two modes are responsible for rise in capitalism.

·         Information Technologies:

The ways by which information technology restructures capitalism:
(1) It increases the rate of profit. Productivity is enhanced by the introduction of micro-electronics.
 (2) The new technology also initiates and encourages the process of internationalization of the economy.
(3) There is rapid rise in new transportation technologies emerging from the use of computers and new materials.
All these factors resulted in the growth of capitalism during post-industrialism.

·         Organizational components:

The ways which contributes to growth of capitalism:
(1) The result of information is the flexible production affecting the relationships among its units.
(2) Flexibility is also a necessary condition for the formation of the new world economy.

    X.            Post-industrialism: Dynamics and trends:

The dynamics of post-industrialism consist of knowledge and use of information and its other composites, namely:
(1) Services,
(2) Multi-national corporations,
(3) Information technologies,
(4) Informational mode of development,
(5) Information occupations,
(6) Think work,
(7) Knowledge elites,
(8) New servile class,
(9) Uneven global development, and
(10) New social movements.





3.Discuss the role of family in our society.


It has been said that the family is the bedrock of society and can be proven by the fact that all over the world every society is structured by the same pattern. A man and woman marry and form a family. This process is repeated multiple times making multiple families which form villages, regions, and eventually countries. When several countries come together they form a continent and all of the continents make up the world. The foundation of this entire process is the family. The family has a crucial role in society by being a model of love in three different aspects; love for the children, love between husband and wife, and finally love in promoting moral values.
As people we are created to be visual with a need to see illustrated models of things that are important to our lives, especially the love relationship between children and their parents. As children we learn everything by watching the examples or models of others such as eating and walking. The family functions the same way. The role of the family is to give a good model so that others within the society can imitate resulting in the edification of the society.
One of the most important roles of the family in society is to show the much needed model of love between husband and wife. The husband – wife relationship is to by loving each other on a daily basis, cherishing and nourishing each other as the most precious thing in their lives. A model is greatly needed within society because in most cases there is a lack of models for families and individuals to see and imitate. If these principles were to be applied then the society would radically change for the better giving people happiness, as each generation follows in the footsteps of the previous one.
During this crucial time in history while moral values are declining, the family must love moral values by living according to and promoting them throughout the easily misguided society. Many values could be listed but the focus will be kept on the ones that are hot topics in the world today being: sexual immorality, homosexuality, and abortion. The family must be a model and demonstrate the fact that the sexual relationship has a place only in marriage between a husband and wife. Mothers and fathers must teach their children about the importance of maintaining their virginity until marriage and that there is no such thing as safe sex outside of marriage. The family must promote marriage as being between one man and one woman and that any other marital relationship outside of this is harmful as well as dangerous. Families must discourage abortion because it is taking innocent lives. If society aborts its future generations then who will be here to welcome the future?
The family has a decisive role having the capacity and responsibility to impact the entire society by its positive example. The parents must show love towards their children by spending time with them and building intimate, personal relationships. Spouses must love each other. In order to fulfil its role in society the family will educate children in moral values so that they will mature and pass on these values to the future generations making society a safe and happy place for all people to live and enjoy.