SCQ: Write short notes on any two in about 100 words each:

SCQ: Write short notes on any two in about 100 words each:


13. (ii) Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, extending the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on premise that global warming exists and man-made CO2 emissions have caused it.
Developed countries are responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a burden on developed nations under principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities."
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for implementation of Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred as the "Marrakesh Accords." Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.

(iii) Social Structure

Social Structure is a patterned set of rules. The term has been used by several social scientists in various ways , because of its various interpretations the concept of social structure can sometimes be confusing and difficult to grasp . Social Structure does not refer to a concrete reality like a building frame, for example , it is a frame nevertheless , a pattern of inter-relationships that have been found enduring and long –lasting .

Social Structure is a set of rules which are made by human being that are liable to change in the long run. In order to say that a structure exists, it must persist over time. Although change is always possible, small groups and larger organisations do not change easily. Thus structure do not change over time, despite their enduring character. Social Structure reflect some dimensions of interaction such as power, economic resources, prestige, value, etc.

MCQ: Answer any four questions in about 250 words each.

5. What do you understand by the term 'revolutionary terrorism'? Discuss.

Revolutionary terror (also referred to as Revolutionary terrorism, or a reign of terror)refers to the institutionalized application of force to counterrevolutionaries, particularly during the French Revolution from the years 1793 to 1794. The term Communist terrorism has also been used to describe the revolutionary terror, from the Red Terror in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) to the reign of the Khmer Rouge, and others.

If estab­lishment terrorism follows a top-down model, then revolutionary terrorism is the bottom-up version (though it's sometimes sponsored by foreign states). The two models often share a codependent relationship, with a repressive government using terror to combat terrorist forces, each fanning the other's fires. For instance, the Roman Empire and the rebellious Jewish Sicarii waged wars of terror against each other during the first century A.D. over occupied Judea.

Just as establishment terrorism often arises when more lenient forms of keeping law and order fail, so too does revolutionary terrorism become an option when a military victory isn't possible. Rebellion can take different forms. On one extreme, you can field an army against a dominant government if you have the resources. If you're outmatched, however, other methods are available.

Revolutionary terrorism is arguably the most common form. Practitioners of this type of terrorism seek the complete abolition of a political system and its replacement with new structures. Modern instances of such activity include campaigns by the Italian Red Brigades, the German Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Gang), the Basque separatist group ETA, and the Peruvian Shining Path .

6. What do you understand by the term 'renaissance'? Briefly discuss.

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term.

 As a cultural movement, it encompassed flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. 

The Renaissance being bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is best known for its artistic developments and contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".

The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and there has been much debate among historians as to the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation. A question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for the classical age, while others have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras. Indeed, some have called as a product of presentism – the use of history to validate and glorify modern ideals. The word Renaissance has also been used to describe other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.

7. What does globalisation mean for the Indian economy? Comment.

The term globalization refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge. Ideally, it also contains free inter-country movement of labour. In context to India, this implies opening up the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economic activity in India, removing constraints and obstacles to the entry of MNCs in India, allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaborations and also encouraging them to set up joint ventures abroad.

Indian economy had experienced major policy changes in early 1990s. The new economic reform, popularly known as, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG model) aimed at making the Indian economy as fastest growing economy and globally competitive. The series of reforms undertaken with respect to industrial sector, trade as well as financial sector aimed at making the economy more efficient. 

With the onset of reforms to liberalize the Indian economy in July of 1991, a new chapter has dawned for India and her billion plus population. This period of economic transition has had a tremendous impact on the overall economic development of almost all major sectors of the economy, and its effects over the last decade can hardly be overlooked. Besides, it also marks the advent of the real integration of the Indian economy into the global economy.

Now India is in the process of restructuring her economy, with aspirations of elevating herself from her present desolate position in the world, the need to speed up her economic development is even more imperative and having witnessed the positive role that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played in the rapid economic growth of most of the Southeast Asian countries.